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Born Emanuel Johann Joseph Schikaneder to domestic servants, he was educated in Regensburg (where his mother had moved the family after her husband's death), and earned money for the family as a street musician. In 1773, he joined a traveling theatrical troupe, where he learned the ropes as an actor, singer, composer, producer, and playwright. In 1775, he debuted his first work "Singspiel Die Lyranten" in Innsbruck, which was a success. Not a year after he and his wife Eleonore, an actress, joined another troupe, Schikaneder bought the troupe for 2,000 Gulden, and befriended the Mozart family soon after arriving in Salzburg in 1780.
In May 1789, he arrived at the Theater auf der Wieden in Vienna at the invite of his wife, whose troupe, which she ran with her now-deceased lover, was in residence at the Theater (not exactly above reproach, either, Schikaneder fathered at least two children by two different women during his marriage). The couple combined their two companies (hers included Mozart's sister-in-law), and enjoyed a string of successes. As implied in the film "Amadeus", Schikaneder staged grand productions geared toward the general public, but the film ignores that he was one of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's best friends and the librettist of "Die Zauberflöte", in which he played Papageno 223 times.
On June 13, 1801, Schikaneder opened the Theater an der Wien, which still stands. On November 20, 1805, he debuted Ludwig van Beethoven's first and only opera, "Fidelio". However, his audiences became increasingly sophisticated, and he was unable to duplicate the success of "Die Zauberflöte". He died on September 21, 1812 in Vienna.
In 2016, Stephen Schwartz's and Christian Struppeck's musical "Schikaneder", directed by Trevor Nunn - based on the premise that "Die Zauberflöte" sprang from Schikaneder's tumultuous relationship with Eleonore - debuted in Vienna.- Writer
- Soundtrack
Richard B. Sheridan was born on 30 October 1751 in Dublin, Kingdom of Ireland [now Ireland]. He was a writer, known for Bedlam (1946), Beryl Reid (1977) and The School for Scandal (1914). He died on 7 July 1816 in London, England, UK.- Soundtrack
Giuseppe Giordani was born on 19 December 1751 in Naples, Campania, Italy. Giuseppe died on 4 January 1798 in Fermo, Marche, Italy.- He enjoyed a humanistic school education. Madison completed his studies in 1771 with a Bachelor of Arts. He showed particular interest in the new ideas of the time, the Enlightenment, with which he dealt intensively. He became politically active at an early age. In 1776 he was elected to the Virginia Convention, which advocated independence and a constitution. During the American Revolution he campaigned for the colonial resistance movement against Great Britain in Virginia. Here he met the governor and later President Thomas Jefferson, with whom he became lifelong friends. In 1780, James Madison was elected to the Continental Congress, where he advocated for a strong central government that would help complete American liberation. The planter was instrumental in the preparations for the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention, where he drafted the so-called "Virginia Plan" in May 1787.
In it, Madison advocated for a strong national central government that would guarantee personal freedoms, party diversity, and federal freedoms. With this model of a balanced party system that should lead to a mutual sharing of power, Madison founded the basic principle of the republican system of government in the USA. From 1789 to 1797, Madison represented Virginia in Congress. In 1794 he married Dolley Payne Todd. After supporting the presidential campaign of his friend Thomas Jefferson, Madison was appointed Secretary of State when he took office in 1801. In the election campaign of 1808, Madison himself was elected fourth president of the United States. Although he became embroiled in war with Great Britain on June 18, 1812, Madison was re-elected to a second term that same year.
The war with Great Britain was initially very disadvantageous for the USA. In 1814, Madison watched as the Capitol and White House were set ablaze by British troops. Nevertheless, the President was able to end the war with an advantageous peace agreement within the end of the year. A hugely popular leader, Madison left the office of president in March 1817. In the coming years he assisted Jefferson in planning the University of Virginia. He acted as an advisor to the next President James Monroe. In 1829, Madison officially returned to political life to attend the Virginia Constitutional Convention. He then withdrew into private life as a quiet observer of politics.
James Madison died on June 28, 1836 in Montpelier, Virginia. - Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz was born on 12 January 1751 in Sesswegen, Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire [now Cesvaine, Latvia]. He was a writer, known for Bernd Alois Zimmermann - Die Soldaten (2012), Zerbin (1971) and Die Soldaten (1962). He died on 24 May 1792 in Moscow, Russian Empire [now Russia].
- Luigi Romanelli was born on 21 July 1751 in Rome, Papal State [now Lazio, Italy]. He was a writer, known for La pietra del paragone (2007), Die Liebesprobe (1963) and De toetsteen der liefde (1964). He died on 1 March 1839 in Milan, Lombardy-Venetia, Austrian Empire [now Lombardy, Italy].